First Generation
1. Crystalline silicon
The most important material in crystalline solar cells is silicon. It is present not in a pure form, but in chemical compounds, with
oxygen in the form of quartz or sand. The undesired oxygen has to be first separated out of the silicon dioxide. To do this, quartz/sand is heated together with carbon powder, coke and charcoal in an electric arc furnace to a temperature of 1800°C to1900°C. This produces carbon monoxide and what is known as metallurgical silicon,
which is about 98 per cent pure. But only billions of a percent are acceptable for photovoltaics, which falls to ten times less for the semiconductor industry. The raw silicon is therefore purified further in chemical processes.
- Mono-crystalline (single-crystal) silicon cells
In the process polycrystalline starting material (polysilicon) is melted in a quartz crucible at around 1410°C. A seed crystal with a defined orientation is dipped into the silicon melt and slowly drawn upwards out of the melt. During this process the crystal grows into a cylindrical mono-crystal up to 30cm in diameter and several meters in length. These cylindrical mono-crystals are cut to form semi-round or square bars, which are then cut with wire saws into slices (wafers) with a thickness of around 0.3mm. When cutting the mono-crystals and sawing the wafers, a large percentage of the silicon is lost as sawdust and needs to be re-melted, as do the conical ends of the rods. The wafers are chemically wet cleaned in etching and rinsing baths to remove sawing residues and marks.
Efficiency rate: 14 - 18%
Thickness: 0.2 -.03mm
- Polycrystalline silicon cells
The silicon starting material is melted in a quartz crucible and cast into a cuboid form. Through controlled heating and cooling, the cast block cools evenly in one direction. The purpose of this directed solidification is to form large numbers of the largest possible homogeneous silicon crystals, with grain sizes from a few millimeters to several centimeters. The grain boundaries constitute crystal defects with an increased recombination risk and have an adverse effect on the efficiency of polycrystalline
solar cells, which is somewhat lower than that of mono-crystalline cells. In the block casting method, large silicon blocks, or ingots, are created.
Efficiency rate: 13 - 17%
Thickness: 0.2 -.03mm
- Ribbon-pulled silicon cells
Up to 40 per cent of the raw silicon is wasted as saw dust by the time the finished wafer is produced. To reduce the high material losses and increase material utilization, various ribbon - pulling processes have been developed. The silicon ribbons already have the thickness of the future wafers, so all it has to be done, using lasers, is to cut the flat surfaces into pieces.